{"id":374,"date":"2020-11-14T20:49:55","date_gmt":"2020-11-14T20:49:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/?page_id=374"},"modified":"2020-11-14T20:50:01","modified_gmt":"2020-11-14T20:50:01","slug":"college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/","title":{"rendered":"College students, political engagement and Snapchat in the 2020 general election"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"453\" height=\"453\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Laurie_Rice_-_Moffett_Rice_Snapchat_Laurie_L._Rice_headshot.png?resize=453%2C453&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Laurie_Rice_-_Moffett_Rice_Snapchat_Laurie_L._Rice_headshot.png?w=453&amp;ssl=1 453w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Laurie_Rice_-_Moffett_Rice_Snapchat_Laurie_L._Rice_headshot.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Laurie_Rice_-_Moffett_Rice_Snapchat_Laurie_L._Rice_headshot.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Laurie_Rice_-_Moffett_Rice_Snapchat_Laurie_L._Rice_headshot.png?resize=60%2C60&amp;ssl=1 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 453px) 100vw, 453px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"US205bio\"><strong>Prof Laurie L. Rice<\/strong><br><br>Professor of Political Science at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. She co-authored Web 2.0 and the Political Mobilization of College Students and her work on social media use and civic engagement also appears in Social Science Computer Reviewand Journal of Information Technology &amp; Politics.<br><br><em>Email:\u00a0<\/em><a><em>larice@siue.edu<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"453\" height=\"453\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Ken_Moffett.png?resize=453%2C453&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Ken_Moffett.png?w=453&amp;ssl=1 453w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Ken_Moffett.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Ken_Moffett.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Ken_Moffett.png?resize=60%2C60&amp;ssl=1 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 453px) 100vw, 453px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"US205bio\"><br><strong>Prof Kenneth W. Moffett<\/strong><br><br>Professor of Political Science at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. His research interests lie in American politics and policy. He is coauthor of Web 2.0 and the Political Mobilization of College Students, and specializes in American politics and policy.<br><br><em>Email:\u00a0<\/em><a><em>kmoffet@siue.edu<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"308\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/US20_divider_5_social_media.png?resize=400%2C308&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-190\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/US20_divider_5_social_media.png?w=400&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/US20_divider_5_social_media.png?resize=300%2C231&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"US205\"> Section 5: Social media<\/h5>\n<div class=\"page-list\"><ul class=\"list-group-item\"><li class=\"page_item page-item-328\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/media-and-social-media-platforms-finally-begin-to-embrace-their-roles-as-democratic-gatekeepers\/\">Media and social media platforms finally begin to embrace their roles as democratic gatekeepers<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-331\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/did-social-media-make-us-more-or-less-politically-unequal-in-2020\/\">Did social media make us more or less politically unequal in 2020?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-335\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/platform-transparency-in-the-fight-against-disinformation\/\">Platform transparency in the fight against disinformation<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-341\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/why-trumps-determination-to-sow-doubt-about-data-undermines-democracy\/\">Why Trump\u2019s determination to sow doubt about data undermines democracy<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-344\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/a-banner-year-for-advertising-and-a-look-at-differences-across-platforms\/\">A banner year for advertising and a look at differences across platforms<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-350\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/how-joe-biden-conveyed-empathy\/\">How Joe Biden conveyed empathy<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-353\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/the-debates-and-the-election-conversation-on-twitter\/\">The debates and the election conversation on Twitter<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-356\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/did-the-economy-covid-19-or-black-lives-matter-to-the-senate-candidates-in-2020\/\">Did the economy, COVID-19, or Black Lives Matter to the Senate candidates in 2020?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-362\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/leadership-through-showmanship-trumps-ability-to-coin-nicknames-for-opponents-on-twitter\/\">Leadership through showmanship: Trump\u2019s ability to coin nicknames for opponents on Twitter<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-366\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/election-countdown-instagrams-role-in-visualizing-the-2020-campaign\/\">Election countdown: Instagram\u2019s role in visualizing the 2020 campaign<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-371\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/candidates-did-lackluster-youth-targeting-on-instagram\/\">Candidates did lackluster youth targeting on Instagram<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-381\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/advertising-on-facebook-transparency-but-not-transparent-enough\/\">Advertising on Facebook: transparency, but not transparent enough<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-391\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/detecting-emotions-in-facebook-political-ads-with-computer-vision\/\">Detecting emotions in Facebook political ads with computer vision<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<p><br>Snapchat has grown among young adults, with Snapchat now claiming over&nbsp;90% of Americans between the ages of 13 and 24 as users. Usually, we associate Snapchat with entertaining filters and disappearing content. However, Snapchat provides a home for political activity among young adults, too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2016, we found that sending political pictures and political videos&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19331681.2019.1574249\">increased civic engagement among college students<\/a>. Among other&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/secureservercdn.net\/166.62.108.196\/h7m.669.myftpupload.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Snapchat-Chapter-Online-Appendix-FINAL.pdf?time=1604349520\">activities<\/a>, civic engagement consists of persuading others why they should vote for or against a party or candidate, attending political meetings, and participating in political activities like marches or protests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The 2020 election has seen record voter&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/history\/2020\/10\/with-future-at-crossroads-young-americans-voting-record-numbers\/\">turnout<\/a>&nbsp;and political participation among young people, with records being shattered in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/abc13.com\/election-2020-vote-young-voters-houston-texas\/7616769\/\">Texas<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.actionnewsnow.com\/content\/news\/2020-Election-Butte-County-sees-spike-in-young-voters-572973631.html\">California<\/a>, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/wkow.com\/2020\/11\/04\/advocates-say-latino-black-young-voters-difference-makers-in-wisconsin-results\/\">Wisconsin<\/a>. Does Snapchat deserve part of the credit for enhancing civic engagement? Did these politically-oriented activities on Snapchat increase civic activity among college students in 2020 as they did in 2016?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To examine those questions, we performed a survey of students at a large midwestern public university (Southern Illinois University Edwardsville) in October 2020. Students at this university are reasonably&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/0894439317721186\">representative<\/a>&nbsp;of college students as a whole on several dimensions including their&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.allinchallenge.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Southern-Illinois-University-Edwardsville-NSLVE-2016.pdf\">voting rates<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our results show that sending pictures and videos about candidates, political parties, or interest groups increased civic engagement levels, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. In both figures, the horizontal axis shows the frequency of political Snapchat activity and the vertical axis is the average treatment effect on the treated at the varying frequencies of actions on Snapchat. In addition, the solid line is the average treatment effect on the treated at each Snapchat activity level, and the dashed lines are 95% confidence intervals around these estimates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These figures indicate that even rarely sending political pictures or videos is associated with two to three-point increases in civic engagement. Meanwhile, sending political pictures or political videos regularly on Snapchat both result in slightly over four-point increases in civic engagement. For context, a two-point increase in civic engagement is equivalent to participating rarely in two activities that one otherwise would not have engaged in or to moving from participating never in an activity to sometimes in an activity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meanwhile, a four-point increase is equivalent to engaging in one additional activity very often that one would otherwise not have participated in or participating sometimes in two additional activities that one otherwise would not have done. Yet, we did not find any evidence that monitoring what candidates for office, political parties, or interest groups post on Snapchat is connected with increased civic engagement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We employed a statistical technique called matching to obtain our results. Matching allows us to isolate the impact of political uses of Snapchat among those otherwise similarly inclined to civic engagement. To do so, we considered many other factors connected with civic engagement, with a complete listing available in the online&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/secureservercdn.net\/166.62.108.196\/h7m.669.myftpupload.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Snapchat-Chapter-Online-Appendix-FINAL.pdf?time=1604349520\">appendix<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To ensure confidence in our results, we need to address two potential limitations to our analyses. First, matching requires that we satisfy a series of stringent assumptions or else the results are not valid. Our dataset and analyses meet these&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19331681.2019.1574249\">assumptions<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Second, if the groups that engaged in Snapchat by sharing pictures or videos at varying levels differ from those who did not perform such activities, then we cannot determine a causal effect of these Snapchat activities. This means that we would not be able to differentiate between the effects of other, preexisting differences (like interest levels in politics) and activities on Snapchat on civic engagement. We checked to see if this occurred. After matching, there are no statistically significant preexisting&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/secureservercdn.net\/166.62.108.196\/h7m.669.myftpupload.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Snapchat-Chapter-Online-Appendix-FINAL.pdf?time=1604349520\">differences<\/a>&nbsp;between those who engaged in sharing pictures or videos at varying levels and those who did not. Thus, we can rule out the effects of preexisting differences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yet, what if we have specified our matching routines such that they conveniently produce the results that we report here? That\u2019s known as p-hacking, and it\u2019s a large, well-known&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosbiology\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002106\">problem<\/a>&nbsp;in scientific research. To guard against this practice, we removed one of the factors that we discuss in the previous paragraph and re-ran our statistical model. We repeat that procedure for each factor and each level of monitoring what others say on Snapchat, sending pictures, and sending videos on Snapchat. Our results are&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/secureservercdn.net\/166.62.108.196\/h7m.669.myftpupload.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Snapchat-Chapter-Online-Appendix-FINAL.pdf?time=1604349520\">robust<\/a>&nbsp;to these alternate specifications, as 82.41% (or, 89\/108) of the alternate specifications confirm our results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In sum, political expression on Snapchat is partly responsible for higher levels of civic activity among college students in 2020. While Snapchat may not be as frequently used as social media apps like Facebook and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/fact-sheet\/social-media\/\">Instagram<\/a>, it provided an important vehicle for increasing civic and political activity among college students in 2020. Thus, online political engagement increases civic activity away from the internet, too. We anticipate that this trend will continue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Rice_and_Moffett-FIGURE_ONE.png?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"648\" height=\"430\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Rice_and_Moffett-FIGURE_ONE.png?resize=648%2C430&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-378\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Rice_and_Moffett-FIGURE_ONE.png?resize=1024%2C679&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Rice_and_Moffett-FIGURE_ONE.png?resize=300%2C199&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Rice_and_Moffett-FIGURE_ONE.png?resize=768%2C509&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Rice_and_Moffett-FIGURE_ONE.png?resize=1536%2C1018&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Rice_and_Moffett-FIGURE_ONE.png?w=1545&amp;ssl=1 1545w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Rice_and_Moffett-FIGURE_ONE.png?w=1296&amp;ssl=1 1296w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Figure 1: sending political pictures via Snapchat and civic engagement in 2020<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Rice_and_Moffett-FIGURE_TWO-1.png?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"648\" height=\"504\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Rice_and_Moffett-FIGURE_TWO-1.png?resize=648%2C504&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-379\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Rice_and_Moffett-FIGURE_TWO-1.png?resize=1024%2C797&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Rice_and_Moffett-FIGURE_TWO-1.png?resize=300%2C234&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Rice_and_Moffett-FIGURE_TWO-1.png?resize=768%2C598&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Rice_and_Moffett-FIGURE_TWO-1.png?w=1417&amp;ssl=1 1417w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Ken_Moffett_-_Rice_and_Moffett-FIGURE_TWO-1.png?w=1296&amp;ssl=1 1296w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Figure 2: sending political videos via Snapchat and civic engagement in 2020<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Prof Laurie L. Rice Professor of Political Science at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. She co-authored Web 2.0 and the Political Mobilization of College Students and her work on social media use and civic engagement also appears in Social Science Computer Reviewand Journal of Information Technology &amp; Politics. Email:\u00a0larice@siue.edu Prof Kenneth W. Moffett Professor of Political [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":22,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-374","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>College students, political engagement and Snapchat in the 2020 general election - Election Analysis - United States<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"College students, political engagement and Snapchat in the 2020 general election - Election Analysis - United States\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Prof Laurie L. Rice Professor of Political Science at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. She co-authored Web 2.0 and the Political Mobilization of College Students and her work on social media use and civic engagement also appears in Social Science Computer Reviewand Journal of Information Technology &amp; Politics. Email:\u00a0larice@siue.edu Prof Kenneth W. Moffett Professor of Political [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Election Analysis - United States\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-11-14T20:50:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Laurie_Rice_-_Moffett_Rice_Snapchat_Laurie_L._Rice_headshot.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/\",\"name\":\"College students, political engagement and Snapchat in the 2020 general election - Election Analysis - United States\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Laurie_Rice_-_Moffett_Rice_Snapchat_Laurie_L._Rice_headshot.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-11-14T20:49:55+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-11-14T20:50:01+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Laurie_Rice_-_Moffett_Rice_Snapchat_Laurie_L._Rice_headshot.png?fit=453%2C453&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Laurie_Rice_-_Moffett_Rice_Snapchat_Laurie_L._Rice_headshot.png?fit=453%2C453&ssl=1\",\"width\":453,\"height\":453},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"U.S. Election Analysis 2020\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Section 5: Social media\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"College students, political engagement and Snapchat in the 2020 general election\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/\",\"name\":\"Election Analysis - United States\",\"description\":\"Election Analysis reports from the U.S. Presidential Elections\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"College students, political engagement and Snapchat in the 2020 general election - Election Analysis - United States","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"College students, political engagement and Snapchat in the 2020 general election - Election Analysis - United States","og_description":"Prof Laurie L. Rice Professor of Political Science at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. She co-authored Web 2.0 and the Political Mobilization of College Students and her work on social media use and civic engagement also appears in Social Science Computer Reviewand Journal of Information Technology &amp; Politics. Email:\u00a0larice@siue.edu Prof Kenneth W. Moffett Professor of Political [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/","og_site_name":"Election Analysis - United States","article_modified_time":"2020-11-14T20:50:01+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Laurie_Rice_-_Moffett_Rice_Snapchat_Laurie_L._Rice_headshot.png","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/","url":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/","name":"College students, political engagement and Snapchat in the 2020 general election - Election Analysis - United States","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Laurie_Rice_-_Moffett_Rice_Snapchat_Laurie_L._Rice_headshot.png","datePublished":"2020-11-14T20:49:55+00:00","dateModified":"2020-11-14T20:50:01+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Laurie_Rice_-_Moffett_Rice_Snapchat_Laurie_L._Rice_headshot.png?fit=453%2C453&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Laurie_Rice_-_Moffett_Rice_Snapchat_Laurie_L._Rice_headshot.png?fit=453%2C453&ssl=1","width":453,"height":453},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"U.S. Election Analysis 2020","item":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Section 5: Social media","item":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"College students, political engagement and Snapchat in the 2020 general election"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/","name":"Election Analysis - United States","description":"Election Analysis reports from the U.S. Presidential Elections","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/374","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=374"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/374\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":380,"href":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/374\/revisions\/380"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/22"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=374"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}