{"id":335,"date":"2020-11-14T17:12:58","date_gmt":"2020-11-14T17:12:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/?page_id=335"},"modified":"2020-11-15T09:17:44","modified_gmt":"2020-11-15T09:17:44","slug":"platform-transparency-in-the-fight-against-disinformation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/platform-transparency-in-the-fight-against-disinformation\/","title":{"rendered":"Platform transparency in the fight against disinformation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"289\" height=\"289\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Valerie_Belair-Gagnon_-_Belair-Gagnon2019.png?resize=289%2C289&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Valerie_Belair-Gagnon_-_Belair-Gagnon2019.png?w=289&amp;ssl=1 289w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Valerie_Belair-Gagnon_-_Belair-Gagnon2019.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Valerie_Belair-Gagnon_-_Belair-Gagnon2019.png?resize=60%2C60&amp;ssl=1 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 289px) 100vw, 289px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"US205bio\"><em><strong>Dr Valerie Belair-Gagnon&nbsp;<\/strong><\/em><br><br><em>Assistant Professor at the Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Minnesota\u2013Twin Cities.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"324\" height=\"324\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/bente_kalsnes-bw-fromtheweb.png?resize=324%2C324&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-336\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/bente_kalsnes-bw-fromtheweb.png?w=324&amp;ssl=1 324w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/bente_kalsnes-bw-fromtheweb.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/bente_kalsnes-bw-fromtheweb.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/bente_kalsnes-bw-fromtheweb.png?resize=60%2C60&amp;ssl=1 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 324px) 100vw, 324px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"US205bio\"><strong>Dr Bente Kalsnes<br><\/strong><br>Associate Professor at the Department of Communication, Kristiania University College<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"290\" height=\"290\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/lucas_graves_fromtheweb.png?resize=290%2C290&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-337\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/lucas_graves_fromtheweb.png?w=290&amp;ssl=1 290w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/lucas_graves_fromtheweb.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/lucas_graves_fromtheweb.png?resize=60%2C60&amp;ssl=1 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dr Lucas Graves<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"US205bio\">Associate Professor at the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"453\" height=\"453\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/oscar_westlund.png?resize=453%2C453&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-496\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/oscar_westlund.png?w=453&amp;ssl=1 453w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/oscar_westlund.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/oscar_westlund.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/oscar_westlund.png?resize=60%2C60&amp;ssl=1 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 453px) 100vw, 453px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Prof Oscar Westlund<\/strong><br><br>Professor at the Department of Journalism and Media Studies at Oslo Metropolitan University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"308\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/US20_divider_5_social_media.png?resize=400%2C308&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-190\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/US20_divider_5_social_media.png?w=400&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/US20_divider_5_social_media.png?resize=300%2C231&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"US205\"> Section 5: Social media<\/h5>\n<div class=\"page-list\"><ul class=\"list-group-item\"><li class=\"page_item page-item-328\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/media-and-social-media-platforms-finally-begin-to-embrace-their-roles-as-democratic-gatekeepers\/\">Media and social media platforms finally begin to embrace their roles as democratic gatekeepers<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-331\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/did-social-media-make-us-more-or-less-politically-unequal-in-2020\/\">Did social media make us more or less politically unequal in 2020?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-341\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/why-trumps-determination-to-sow-doubt-about-data-undermines-democracy\/\">Why Trump\u2019s determination to sow doubt about data undermines democracy<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-344\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/a-banner-year-for-advertising-and-a-look-at-differences-across-platforms\/\">A banner year for advertising and a look at differences across platforms<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-350\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/how-joe-biden-conveyed-empathy\/\">How Joe Biden conveyed empathy<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-353\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/the-debates-and-the-election-conversation-on-twitter\/\">The debates and the election conversation on Twitter<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-356\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/did-the-economy-covid-19-or-black-lives-matter-to-the-senate-candidates-in-2020\/\">Did the economy, COVID-19, or Black Lives Matter to the Senate candidates in 2020?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-362\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/leadership-through-showmanship-trumps-ability-to-coin-nicknames-for-opponents-on-twitter\/\">Leadership through showmanship: Trump\u2019s ability to coin nicknames for opponents on Twitter<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-366\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/election-countdown-instagrams-role-in-visualizing-the-2020-campaign\/\">Election countdown: Instagram\u2019s role in visualizing the 2020 campaign<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-371\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/candidates-did-lackluster-youth-targeting-on-instagram\/\">Candidates did lackluster youth targeting on Instagram<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-374\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/\">College students, political engagement and Snapchat in the 2020 general election<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-381\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/advertising-on-facebook-transparency-but-not-transparent-enough\/\">Advertising on Facebook: transparency, but not transparent enough<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-391\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/detecting-emotions-in-facebook-political-ads-with-computer-vision\/\">Detecting emotions in Facebook political ads with computer vision<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<p>22,247. That is the&nbsp;<em>estimated<\/em>&nbsp;number of false or misleading claims that President Donald Trump has made since assuming office&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/graphics\/politics\/trump-claims-database\/?itid=lk_inline_manual_2\">until the end of August, 2020<\/a>. The 2016 election of Donald Trump as President of the United States challenged journalists and fact-checkers in numerous ways, especially when it comes to sorting false from correct information. During the final stretch of the 2020 election campaign, Donald Trump has increased the amount of false or misleading claims, averaging&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/2020\/10\/22\/president-trump-is-averaging-more-than-50-false-or-misleading-claims-day\/\">50 false claims a day<\/a>. There were so many claims that the fact-checkers have not been able to track all of them and have raised questions about when to decide to fact-check. In the eye of the public, the 2020 election will partly be remembered by the rise of new actors, tools, and practices in coordination to re-imagine the intensifying fight against mis- and disinformation. For scholars and practitioners, questioning the role of these actors and tools is becoming even more pressing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since introducing the meaningful social interaction algorithm (MSI) in 2018 Facebook, has reduced the overall visibility of news content on their proprietary platform. At the same time, people have been provided with more opportunities for convening and interacting in private spaces, such as mobile chat applications like WhatsApp groups and Signal that are not public facing but rather so-called \u201cdark social\u201d. Creating tools to fight disinformation, journalists and fact-checkers are seeking to adapt by finding new ways to help communities make sense of mis- and disinformation. At the same time, scholars have sought to unpack these&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/cup.columbia.edu\/book\/deciding-whats-true\/9780231542227\">reconfigured power dynamics<\/a>&nbsp;and how mis- and disinformation&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=JyOsj-wAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\">may be best tackled<\/a>&nbsp;to have an impact on public perceptions of truth and truthfulness. But this election has intensified new forms of power dynamics in the disinformation ecosystem \u2014 and shown the hard limits of what fact-checking can accomplish without greater support from platform companies for the researchers, journalists, and fact-checkers seeking to understand and limit the spread of harmful misinformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The 2020 election shed light on dis- and mis-information becoming a beat particularly in legacy news organizations such as NBC, the New York Times, and the BBC. But these beats wouldn\u2019t be legitimized without the help of platforms non-proprietary to them that dictate the ways in which information may be understood from and shared to the public. For example, since&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/journalismproject\/programs\/third-party-fact-checking\">2016<\/a>, fact-checking organizations have been working with Facebook to reduce disinformation. And Facebook has been requiring these organizations to be signatories of the International Fact-Checking Network\u2019s (IFCN)&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org\/\">Code of Principles<\/a>, which value the principle of transparency at each stage of the fact-checking process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a result, platform companies such as Twitter and Facebook have become \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.poynter.org\/fact-checking\/2020\/without-methodology-or-transparency-facebook-and-twitter-become-the-arbiters-of-the-truth\/\">arbiters of truth<\/a>\u201d and that is \u201cwithout the methodology or transparency,\u201d a position that these companies have avoided since their inception. Social media oriented platform companies have been engaging in content moderation for a long time, but for disinformation they follow community principles rather than abide by policy or law (with a few countries making exceptions).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/1310585397630689280\">Twitter has been fact-checking Trump<\/a>, and our analysis shows that out of 71 tweets Trump posted or retweeted between November 4 and 7, 20 are marked or hidden by Twitter for breaking the company\u2019s Civic Integrity Policy. But the transparency asked from the IFCN has not always been followed by these platform companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Disinformation has been intensifying during this election. They also show that the fight against disinformation has involved a plethora of actors seeking to \u201cdo their best in fighting disinformation\u201d that have different incentives and complicate the public\u2019s understanding of what might be the closest thing to facts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When considering recent digital innovations in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2018-02\/graves_factsheet_180226%20FINAL.pdf\">automated fact-checking<\/a>&nbsp;for the identification, verification, and correction of disinformation, similar ethical questions come to mind. Such innovations do not cover the judgement and sensitivity that human fact-checkers deploy in their practice. As in the case of content moderation, there is limited explanation of and transparency about authoritative and open-sourced data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In sum, the power to decide what is true is mediated through platform companies online as media organizations and diverse other actors essentially are taking advantage of platform affordances, and their inefficiency or unwillingness to actively moderate such activities. Fact-checkers and journalists alike, have sought to find a meaningful footing. Going forward, platforms companies should be held to the same transparency standard many fact-checking organizations embrace, by providing a clear explanation of the principles and methods they employ to combat mis- and dis-information. Sharing information with researchers and fact-checkers about the spread of problematic content on social networks, and about the effectiveness of different interventions, would provide a vital boost to their efforts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/uni.oslomet.no\/scam\/\">The Source Criticism and Mediated Disinformation (SCAM)<\/a>&nbsp;project, we are seeking to look at key industry representatives in tech and platform companies, tech and media industry associations and fact-checking organizations around the world and examine how these actors experience the effects of digital technology on and develop new approaches to the critical evaluation of sources and information.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dr Valerie Belair-Gagnon&nbsp; Assistant Professor at the Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Minnesota\u2013Twin Cities. Dr Bente KalsnesAssociate Professor at the Department of Communication, Kristiania University College Dr Lucas Graves Associate Professor at the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Prof Oscar Westlund Professor at [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":22,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-335","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Platform transparency in the fight against disinformation - Election Analysis - United States<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/platform-transparency-in-the-fight-against-disinformation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Platform transparency in the fight against disinformation - Election Analysis - United States\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dr Valerie Belair-Gagnon&nbsp; Assistant Professor at the Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Minnesota\u2013Twin Cities. 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Assistant Professor at the Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Minnesota\u2013Twin Cities. Dr Bente KalsnesAssociate Professor at the Department of Communication, Kristiania University College Dr Lucas Graves Associate Professor at the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. 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