{"id":328,"date":"2020-11-14T17:05:55","date_gmt":"2020-11-14T17:05:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/?page_id=328"},"modified":"2020-11-14T17:06:12","modified_gmt":"2020-11-14T17:06:12","slug":"media-and-social-media-platforms-finally-begin-to-embrace-their-roles-as-democratic-gatekeepers","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/media-and-social-media-platforms-finally-begin-to-embrace-their-roles-as-democratic-gatekeepers\/","title":{"rendered":"Media and social media platforms finally begin to embrace their roles as democratic gatekeepers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"243\" height=\"243\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Daniel_Kreiss_-_Kreiss_SegundaPhoto.png?resize=243%2C243&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-329\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Daniel_Kreiss_-_Kreiss_SegundaPhoto.png?w=243&amp;ssl=1 243w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Daniel_Kreiss_-_Kreiss_SegundaPhoto.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Daniel_Kreiss_-_Kreiss_SegundaPhoto.png?resize=60%2C60&amp;ssl=1 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 243px) 100vw, 243px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"US205bio\"><strong>Dr Daniel Kreiss<\/strong><br><br>Edgar Thomas Cato Distinguished Associate Professor, Hussman School of Journalism and Media, and Principal Researcher at the UNC Center for Information, Technology, and Public Life.<br><br><em>Twitter: @kreissdaniel<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"308\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/US20_divider_5_social_media.png?resize=400%2C308&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-190\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/US20_divider_5_social_media.png?w=400&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/US20_divider_5_social_media.png?resize=300%2C231&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"US205\"> Section 5: Social media<\/h5>\n<div class=\"page-list\"><ul class=\"list-group-item\"><li class=\"page_item page-item-331\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/did-social-media-make-us-more-or-less-politically-unequal-in-2020\/\">Did social media make us more or less politically unequal in 2020?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-335\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/platform-transparency-in-the-fight-against-disinformation\/\">Platform transparency in the fight against disinformation<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-341\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/why-trumps-determination-to-sow-doubt-about-data-undermines-democracy\/\">Why Trump\u2019s determination to sow doubt about data undermines democracy<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-344\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/a-banner-year-for-advertising-and-a-look-at-differences-across-platforms\/\">A banner year for advertising and a look at differences across platforms<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-350\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/how-joe-biden-conveyed-empathy\/\">How Joe Biden conveyed empathy<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-353\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/the-debates-and-the-election-conversation-on-twitter\/\">The debates and the election conversation on Twitter<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-356\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/did-the-economy-covid-19-or-black-lives-matter-to-the-senate-candidates-in-2020\/\">Did the economy, COVID-19, or Black Lives Matter to the Senate candidates in 2020?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-362\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/leadership-through-showmanship-trumps-ability-to-coin-nicknames-for-opponents-on-twitter\/\">Leadership through showmanship: Trump\u2019s ability to coin nicknames for opponents on Twitter<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-366\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/election-countdown-instagrams-role-in-visualizing-the-2020-campaign\/\">Election countdown: Instagram\u2019s role in visualizing the 2020 campaign<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-371\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/candidates-did-lackluster-youth-targeting-on-instagram\/\">Candidates did lackluster youth targeting on Instagram<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-374\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/college-students-political-engagement-and-snapchat-in-the-2020-general-election\/\">College students, political engagement and Snapchat in the 2020 general election<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-381\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/advertising-on-facebook-transparency-but-not-transparent-enough\/\">Advertising on Facebook: transparency, but not transparent enough<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-391\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/detecting-emotions-in-facebook-political-ads-with-computer-vision\/\">Detecting emotions in Facebook political ads with computer vision<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<p><br>During the 2020 election, media outlets and social media platforms assumed roles as \u201cdemocratic gatekeepers.\u201d In Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt\u2019s influential book,&nbsp;<em>How Democracies Die,&nbsp;<\/em>they discuss the crucial role of institutions such as parties in keeping anti-democratic leaders from power. But parties, courts, etc. are not solely responsible. Media institutions have an important role. Kirsten Adams&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1461670X.2020.1770118\">developed the concept<\/a>&nbsp;of \u201ccivil gatekeepers\u201d to analyze journalists\u2019 roles to communicate \u201cideas about what is (and is not)\u201d democratic to the public \u2013 a role journalism institutions largely failed to live up to in 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2020, haltingly, unevenly, but unmistakably, journalistic organizations and social media platforms became democratic gatekeepers. Journalists asserted their foremost democratic commitment to the public through coverage that cast President Trump as anti-democratic. Social media platforms for the first time affirmed their role in protecting democratic institutions through regulatory policies and enforcement actions on presidential speech, and more broadly on electoral disinformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This was new. In 2016, the Republican Party was beset with an avowedly anti-democratic candidate in Donald Trump and failed to keep him from political power. Media institutions, from journalism outlets to social media platforms, also failed to fulfill their democratic gatekeeping role. As Adams showed, rather than acknowledge and guard against Trump\u2019s anti-democratic speech and actions, journalists turned to moral equivalence to preserve partisan balance. Platforms, too, failed to anticipate how their systems could be subverted to undermine the very democratic institutions necessary for their existence, such as allowing Trump to engage in&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.trumptwitterarchive.com\/highlights\/birtherism\">a social media campaign<\/a>&nbsp;to discredit Barack Obama\u2019s birthplace, citizenship, and legitimacy as president, dating from 2011 (when Obama was on the ballot) to 2014 (when Trump was planning to be) .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Journalists have long grounded their legitimacy in concepts such as balance and objectivity. Platforms, meanwhile, have generally grounded theirs in free expression. Neither journalists nor social media platforms have historically grounded their normative vision and legitimacy in terms of what explicitly promotes and protects&nbsp;<em>democracy<\/em>. Between the 2016 and the 2020 elections, slowly and haltingly, legacy journalists became more adept at covering the president, including adopting fact-checking and asserting their moral authority to protect democratic institutions and norms. This was on display during the period of early voting, Election Day, and the days after \u2013 where there was generally clear repudiation of the president\u2019s many false, anti-democratic claims. Even Fox News checked the president&nbsp;<em>on democratic grounds<\/em>, condemning both premature assertions of victory and attempts to de-legitimize the vote count.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Platforms have faced similar challenges. How do they prevent election disinformation when it&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/cyber.harvard.edu\/publication\/2020\/Mail-in-Voter-Fraud-Disinformation-2020\">comes from the highest level of political office<\/a>, aided and abetted by ruling party media such as Fox News and given legitimacy, validation, and amplification by Republican Party elites? The answer \u2013 up until recently \u2013 was not well. After all,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/about.fb.com\/news\/2019\/10\/mark-zuckerberg-stands-for-voice-and-free-expression\/\">it was just over a year ago<\/a>&nbsp;that Facebook\u2019s CEO, in response to growing public pressure to prevent politicians from lying on Facebook and criticisms of poor enforcement of existing rules against hate speech, embraced the notion of the platform being guided by \u201cfree speech\u201d values. This \u201cfree speech\u201d orientation subsequently proved unworkable as numerous crises demonstrated disinformation was causing imminent harm during the pandemic and 2020 presidential election.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During these conflicts, Facebook reversed course many times \u2013 but in general moved&nbsp;<em>toward<\/em>&nbsp;a more robust defense of democratic institutions. Facebook, and its counterparts, implemented more stringent policies against electoral disinformation, began enforcing policies on elected officials through labeling dubious claims and, in some instances, taking down content, and even went so far as to ban new paid political advertising entirely (Twitter) or in the week before and after the election (Facebook) to prevent disinformation and premature declarations of victory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While some of these policies were&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/slate.com\/technology\/2020\/09\/facebook-political-ad-ban-election-day.html\">counterproductive<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/citap.unc.edu\/files\/2020\/08\/CITAP-Election-Misinfo-Workshop-position-paper.pdf\">did not go nearly far enough<\/a>, and there was&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2020\/11\/05\/trump-misleading-videos-youtube\/\">significant variation<\/a>&nbsp;among platforms with respect to the actions they took, their underlying logic was unmistakable. Platforms generally expanded their conception of themselves as communicative institutions that have a responsibility to defend democratic processes. Election night&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/facebook-twitter-tested-by-trumps-false-victory-claims\/\">bore this out<\/a>&nbsp;\u2013 as the president posted unfounded allegations about a fraudulent election and claimed a lead, Twitter labeled these tweets, obscuring their content, and prevented liking and retweeting. Meanwhile, Facebook added a disclaimer to presidential posts about the vote count process and applied links to its voting information center. While these are limited actions \u2013 they are actions that have the clear normative stance of protecting democracy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Assertive press and platforms willing to defend the public\u2019s right to hold its leaders accountable at the ballot box and beyond it is an important, and overdue, development. While they cannot fully solve the vast political problems facing America, especially the growing counter-majoritarianism and illiberalism of a major political party, they are buying us time. And, as foremost a political problem, securing democracy is not something these institutions can do on their own \u2013 but the public needs them to try.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dr Daniel Kreiss Edgar Thomas Cato Distinguished Associate Professor, Hussman School of Journalism and Media, and Principal Researcher at the UNC Center for Information, Technology, and Public Life. Twitter: @kreissdaniel During the 2020 election, media outlets and social media platforms assumed roles as \u201cdemocratic gatekeepers.\u201d In Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt\u2019s influential book,&nbsp;How Democracies Die,&nbsp;they [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":22,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-328","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Media and social media platforms finally begin to embrace their roles as democratic gatekeepers - Election Analysis - United States<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/media-and-social-media-platforms-finally-begin-to-embrace-their-roles-as-democratic-gatekeepers\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Media and social media platforms finally begin to embrace their roles as democratic gatekeepers - Election Analysis - United States\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dr Daniel Kreiss Edgar Thomas Cato Distinguished Associate Professor, Hussman School of Journalism and Media, and Principal Researcher at the UNC Center for Information, Technology, and Public Life. Twitter: @kreissdaniel During the 2020 election, media outlets and social media platforms assumed roles as \u201cdemocratic gatekeepers.\u201d In Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt\u2019s influential book,&nbsp;How Democracies Die,&nbsp;they [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/media-and-social-media-platforms-finally-begin-to-embrace-their-roles-as-democratic-gatekeepers\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Election Analysis - United States\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-11-14T17:06:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Daniel_Kreiss_-_Kreiss_SegundaPhoto.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/media-and-social-media-platforms-finally-begin-to-embrace-their-roles-as-democratic-gatekeepers\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-5-social-media\/media-and-social-media-platforms-finally-begin-to-embrace-their-roles-as-democratic-gatekeepers\/\",\"name\":\"Media and social media platforms finally begin to embrace their roles as democratic gatekeepers - 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