{"id":283,"date":"2020-11-14T16:40:14","date_gmt":"2020-11-14T16:40:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/?page_id=283"},"modified":"2020-11-15T19:42:22","modified_gmt":"2020-11-15T19:42:22","slug":"youtube-as-a-space-for-news","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-4-news-and-journalism\/youtube-as-a-space-for-news\/","title":{"rendered":"YouTube as a space for news"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"454\" height=\"453\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Stephanie_Edgerly_-_Edgerly_300DPI.png?resize=454%2C453&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-284\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Stephanie_Edgerly_-_Edgerly_300DPI.png?w=454&amp;ssl=1 454w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Stephanie_Edgerly_-_Edgerly_300DPI.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Stephanie_Edgerly_-_Edgerly_300DPI.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Stephanie_Edgerly_-_Edgerly_300DPI.png?resize=60%2C60&amp;ssl=1 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 454px) 100vw, 454px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"US204bio\"><strong>Dr Stephanie Edgerley<\/strong><br><br>Associate Professor at the Northwestern University and the Director of Research for the Medill School of Journalism, Media, Integrated Marketing Communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"308\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/US20_divider_4_news.png?resize=400%2C308&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-189\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/US20_divider_4_news.png?w=400&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/US20_divider_4_news.png?resize=300%2C231&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"US204\"> Section 4: News and journalism<\/h5>\n<div class=\"page-list\"><ul class=\"list-group-item\"><li class=\"page_item page-item-274\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-4-news-and-journalism\/when-journalisms-relevance-is-also-on-the-ballot\/\">When journalism\u2019s relevance is also on the ballot<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-279\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-4-news-and-journalism\/beyond-the-horse-race-voting-process-coverage-in-2020\/\">Beyond the horse race: voting process coverage in 2020<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-290\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-4-news-and-journalism\/2020-shows-the-need-for-institutional-news-media-to-make-racial-justice-a-core-value-of-journalism\/\">2020 shows the need for institutional news media to make racial justice a core value of journalism<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-293\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-4-news-and-journalism\/newspaper-endorsements-presidential-fitness-and-democracy\/\">Newspaper endorsements, presidential fitness and democracy<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-296\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-4-news-and-journalism\/alternative-to-what-a-faltering-alternative-as-independent-media\/\">Alternative to what? A faltering alternative-as-independent media<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-299\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-4-news-and-journalism\/collaboration-connections-and-continuity-in-media-innovation\/\">Collaboration, connections, and continuity in media innovation<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-302\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-4-news-and-journalism\/learning-from-the-news-in-a-time-of-highly-polarized-media\/\">Learning from the news in a time of highly polarized media<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-307\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-4-news-and-journalism\/partisan-media-ecosystems-and-polarization-in-the-2020-u-s-election\/\">Partisan media ecosystems and polarization in the 2020 U.S. election<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-310\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-4-news-and-journalism\/what-do-news-audiences-think-about-cutting-away-from-news-that-could-contain-misinformation\/\">What do news audiences think about \u2018cutting away\u2019 from news that could contain misinformation?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-314\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-4-news-and-journalism\/the-day-the-music-died-turning-off-the-cameras-on-president-trump\/\">The day the music died: turning off the cameras on President Trump<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-317\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-4-news-and-journalism\/when-worlds-collide-contentious-politics-in-a-fragmented-media-regime\/\">When worlds collide: contentious politics in a fragmented media regime<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-321\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-4-news-and-journalism\/forecasting-the-future-of-election-forecasting\/\">Forecasting the future of election forecasting<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-325\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-4-news-and-journalism\/a-new-horse-race-begins-the-scramble-for-a-post-election-narrative\/\">A new horse race begins: the scramble for a post-election narrative<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<p>During the 2020 election, YouTube was a popular space for campaign-related news and information. While the platform houses videos on a wide range of topics\u2014everything from cooking tutorials to music videos\u2014Americans are increasing relying on YouTube as a way to get news. According to a recent Pew&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.journalism.org\/2020\/09\/28\/many-americans-get-news-on-youtube-where-news-organizations-and-independent-producers-thrive-side-by-side\/\">report<\/a>, about one quarter (26%) of U.S. adults say they get news on YouTube, and of these people, seven-in-ten (72%) characterize it as \u201cimportant\u201d in their keeping up with news.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yet understanding the role YouTube plays as a news space, especially during an election, is marked by several contradictory factors. First, YouTube includes channels from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/21670811.2017.1387062\">mainstream news<\/a>&nbsp;organizations as well as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/21670811.2019.1625715\">alternative media<\/a>&nbsp;and hyper-partisan channels. Second, some YouTube news channels have a large number of subscribers with videos that garner&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1461670X.2010.511951\">millions of views<\/a>, while other channels have a smaller audience. And third, YouTube is both a video&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1369118x.2012.756051\">distribution platform<\/a>&nbsp;and a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/19331681.2013.794120\">social space<\/a>&nbsp;for commenting, liking, and sharing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These factors create a unique space for news and raise concerns about channels that propagate&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2019\/06\/08\/technology\/youtube-radical.html\">extreme political viewpoints<\/a>&nbsp;and disinformation, and the potential for viewers to become more polarized, especially if&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/03\/10\/opinion\/sunday\/youtube-politics-radical.html?searchResultPosition=18\">algorithms recommend<\/a>&nbsp;a steady dose of hyper partisan videos to certain users.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Partisan media YouTube channels<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the first six months of 2020, I examined video content from six partisan media channels (3 conservative and 3 liberal) and one mainstream news channel (<em>ABC News<\/em>). I drew a random sample of 50 videos from each YouTube channel and coded the videos for several factors. Overall, I found that partisan channels have several characteristics that facilitate political commentary and viewer involvement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, partisan channels overwhelmingly use a \u201cpresentation\u201d video format where the host(s) talks directly to the camera\/viewers with no interactions with guests\/experts (see Figure 1). Across the six partisan channels, presentation videos accounted for 72% to 96% of a channel\u2019s videos. This is in stark contrast to&nbsp;<em>ABC News<\/em>, where only 22% of videos were in a presentation format (a majority of videos were in a \u201chosted\u201d format featuring conversations with guests\/experts).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Edgerley-Figure-1.png?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"648\" height=\"244\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Edgerley-Figure-1.png?resize=648%2C244&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Edgerley-Figure-1.png?resize=1024%2C386&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Edgerley-Figure-1.png?resize=300%2C113&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Edgerley-Figure-1.png?resize=768%2C289&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Edgerley-Figure-1.png?resize=1536%2C578&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Edgerley-Figure-1.png?w=1742&amp;ssl=1 1742w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Edgerley-Figure-1.png?w=1296&amp;ssl=1 1296w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Figure 1. The dominance of a \u2018presentation\u2019 format among partisan YouTube channels&nbsp;<\/strong><em>Note: L = liberal; C = conservative<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Partisan channels were more likely to focus exclusively on stories about politics and government, while&nbsp;<em>ABC News<\/em>&nbsp;had a wider set of topics they also covered (see Table 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"648\" height=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Edgerley-Table-1.png?resize=648%2C427&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-285\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Edgerley-Table-1.png?w=692&amp;ssl=1 692w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Edgerley-Table-1.png?resize=300%2C198&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><figcaption><strong>Table 1. Political focus among partisan YouTube channels<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>And lastly, partisan channels employ several practices to increase viewer involvement with video content (see Figure 2). Certain techniques\u2014like encouraging viewers to watch additional videos or to follow the channel on other social network sites\u2014were common and not distinct to partisan channels. The same was not true for other techniques, like making direct appeals to viewers, telling personal stories\/anecdotes, and providing comment prompts. Although these practices were not as frequent, they were more likely to occur within partisan channels, and particularly those with lower number of subscribers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/edgerly_figure_2.png?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"648\" height=\"447\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/edgerly_figure_2.png?resize=648%2C447&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-286\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/edgerly_figure_2.png?resize=1024%2C707&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/edgerly_figure_2.png?resize=300%2C207&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/edgerly_figure_2.png?resize=768%2C531&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/edgerly_figure_2.png?w=1090&amp;ssl=1 1090w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Figure 2.&nbsp;<\/strong>Viewer involvement practices across YouTube channels<br><em>Note: Channels ordered from highest number of subscribers to lowest<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>These findings illustrate some of the ways that partisan YouTube channels differ in format, focus, and facilitating involvement. The 2020 election severed as a backdrop for these practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The 2020 election<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the 2020 election, YouTube faced pressure to quickly identify and limit the spread of election-related conspiracy theories. A notable case was the October 14th&nbsp;<em>New York Post<\/em>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/10\/22\/us\/politics\/hunter-biden-laptop.html\">story<\/a>&nbsp;about a recovered laptop that allegedly belonged to Hunter Biden (son of Democratic candidate Joe Biden) that contained information of shady business dealings involving his father. The story was criticized for a lack of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.snopes.com\/ap\/2020\/10\/29\/ap-explains-trump-pushes-questions-about-joe-bidens-son\/\">verifiable evidence<\/a>&nbsp;and for being part of a Russian&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2020\/10\/19\/hunter-biden-story-russian-disinfo-430276\">disinformation effort<\/a>&nbsp;to sway votes from Joe Biden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In response,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.youtube\/news-and-events\/harmful-conspiracy-theories-youtube\/\">YouTube<\/a>&nbsp;did not take any direct action to remove the&nbsp;<em>NY Post<\/em>&nbsp;video story, but did reaffirm their commitment to taking down conspiracy videos that promote violence. This decision stands in contrast to the efforts of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/10\/14\/us\/politics\/hunter-biden-ukraine-facebook-twitter.html\">Facebook<\/a>, which limited sharing of<em>&nbsp;<\/em>the&nbsp;<em>Post\u2019s<\/em>&nbsp;story until third-party fact checkers could verify it, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/10\/16\/technology\/twitter-new-york-post.html\">Twitter<\/a>&nbsp;which initially blocked the story and the&nbsp;<em>Post\u2019s<\/em>&nbsp;main Twitter account.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By Election Day, the<em>\u00a0Post\u2019s<\/em>\u00a0YouTube video amassed only a modest 174,695 views, likely due to its limited circulation on Facebook and Twitter. Yet, the YouTube reach of the story is far greater than a single video. The story was fodder for many YouTube channels, particularly partisan media channels. By one estimate, over 1,983 videos about the \u201cHunter Biden laptop\u201d story were published in the remaining weeks of the campaign. The most popular of these videos have millions of views, and, with the exception of the\u00a0<em>Daily Show<\/em>, are from channels associated with a conservative perspective (see Table 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Edgerley-Table-2.png?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"648\" height=\"348\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Edgerley-Table-2.png?resize=648%2C348&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-287\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Edgerley-Table-2.png?resize=1024%2C550&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Edgerley-Table-2.png?resize=300%2C161&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Edgerley-Table-2.png?resize=768%2C413&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Edgerley-Table-2.png?w=1206&amp;ssl=1 1206w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><strong>Table 2. Most popular YouTube videos about the Hunter Biden laptop story<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ultimately, many U.S. voters encountered election-related news and information on YouTube. As the Hunter Biden laptop story shows, the potential for sharing and believing election disinformation is real, especially at the hands of partisan media channels that focus on political commentary and prioritize viewer involvement. However, this potential is not equal across all YouTube users, and reflects the complicated space that YouTube now occupies as a source for news.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dr Stephanie Edgerley Associate Professor at the Northwestern University and the Director of Research for the Medill School of Journalism, Media, Integrated Marketing Communication. During the 2020 election, YouTube was a popular space for campaign-related news and information. While the platform houses videos on a wide range of topics\u2014everything from cooking tutorials to music videos\u2014Americans [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":20,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-283","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>YouTube as a space for news - Election Analysis - United States<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2020\/section-4-news-and-journalism\/youtube-as-a-space-for-news\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"YouTube as a space for news - Election Analysis - United States\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dr Stephanie Edgerley Associate Professor at the Northwestern University and the Director of Research for the Medill School of Journalism, Media, Integrated Marketing Communication. During the 2020 election, YouTube was a popular space for campaign-related news and information. 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