{"id":99,"date":"2016-11-18T00:29:15","date_gmt":"2016-11-18T00:29:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.electionanalysis2016.us\/?page_id=99"},"modified":"2016-11-18T15:20:40","modified_gmt":"2016-11-18T15:20:40","slug":"dog-whistles-and-dumpster-fires","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-2-campaign\/dog-whistles-and-dumpster-fires\/","title":{"rendered":"Dog whistles and dumpster fires"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"row \"><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"col-lg-3 col-md-3 col-xs-12 col-sm-3\">\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-345\" src=\"http:\/\/www.electionanalysis2016.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Merrill_Perlman-bw-300x300.png\" alt=\"merrill_perlman-bw\" width=\"227\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Merrill_Perlman-bw-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Merrill_Perlman-bw-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Merrill_Perlman-bw-60x60.png 60w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Merrill_Perlman-bw.png 346w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"ProfileText2\">\n<p class=\"BIO\"><strong><span class=\"CharOverride-35\">Merrill Perlman<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"BIO\"><em><span class=\"CharOverride-42\">Consultant who works with news organizations, private companies and journalism organizations, specializing in editing and the English language. Adjunct Assistant Professor at the Columbia Graduate School of Journalism<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"BIO\"><span class=\"EMAIL\">Email: languagecorner@cjr.org<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-260\" src=\"http:\/\/www.electionanalysis2016.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-2-300x300.png\" alt=\"US2016 - Section 2\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-2-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-2-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-2-768x771.png 768w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-2-1020x1024.png 1020w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-2-60x60.png 60w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-2.png 1022w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"CampaignQuote2\">Section 2: Campaign<\/h5>\n<div class=\"page-list\"><ul class=\"list-group-item\"><li class=\"page_item page-item-91\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-2-campaign\/evidence-for-the-powerful-roles-of-polarization-and-partisanship\/\">Evidence for the powerful roles of polarization and partisanship<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-95\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-2-campaign\/the-emotional-brand-wins\/\">The emotional brand wins<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-97\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-2-campaign\/donald-trumps-slogan-betrays-a-renewed-political-fixation-on-the-past\/\">Donald Trump\u2019s slogan betrays a renewed political fixation on the past<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-101\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-2-campaign\/how-donald-trump-bullies-with-his-body-language\/\">How Donald Trump bullies with his body language<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-103\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-2-campaign\/analysing-debate-questions-is-it-time-to-rethink-the-town-hall\/\">Analysing debate questions: is it time to rethink the town hall?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-105\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-2-campaign\/image-bites-voter-enthusiasm-and-the-2016-presidential-election\/\">Image bites, voter enthusiasm, and the 2016 Presidential Election<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-107\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-2-campaign\/air-war-campaign-advertising-in-the-2016-presidential-election\/\">Air war? Campaign advertising in the 2016 Presidential Election<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-109\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-2-campaign\/us-election-what-impact-do-celebrity-endorsements-really-have\/\">US election: what impact do celebrity endorsements really have?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-111\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-2-campaign\/the-backlash-of-the-loose-cannon-musicians-and-the-celebrity-cleavage\/\">The backlash of the loose cannon: musicians and the celebrity cleavage<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-113\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-2-campaign\/the-curious-case-of-jill-stein\/\">The curious case of Jill Stein<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-115\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-2-campaign\/the-green-party-effect-in-the-us-2016-election\/\">The Green Party effect in the US 2016 Election<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-127\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-2-campaign\/us-presidential-candidate-selection\/\">US presidential candidate selection<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-117\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-2-campaign\/the-lolnothingmatters-election\/\">The #LolNothingMatters election<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"col-lg-9 col-md-9 col-xs-12 col-sm-9\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"FIRST-PARA\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">How do politicians appeal to a constituency over things that must not be mentioned in polite company? Things like racism, sexism, violence, and other forms of hatred?<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">They call in the dogs. Or, to be more precise, they blow dog whistles.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">Zac Goldsmith was\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2016\/apr\/30\/zac-goldsmith-denies-dog-whistle-tactics-in-antisemitism-row\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">accused of blowing the whistle\u00a0<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">often during his unsuccessful campaign for the London mayoralty against Sadiq Khan. The tactics attributed to him,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.mirror.co.uk\/news\/uk-news\/everything-you-need-know-zac-9123019\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">the Mirror said<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">, \u201cincluded writing to people whose surname was \u2018Singh\u2019 in the address book and warning Mr Khan was coming for their jewellery.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">In the United States, Donald Trump, now the President-elect, was accused of blowing it frequently, as in\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/trump-second-amendment-people-could-do-something-about-clinton-judge-choices\/\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">when he suggested<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0that \u201cthe Second Amendment people\u201d could do something about Hillary Clinton\u2019s Supreme Court selections. If you believe in guns, the implication was, you could use them against a political opponent.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">As elections get less civil, it\u2019s interesting to see how popular those \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/search?q=%22dog%20whistle%22%20since%3A2016-06-01&amp;src=typd\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">dog whistles<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">\u201d have become. This seemed to be the year that the \u201cdog whistle\u201d was heard the loudest.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">A real dog whistle, of course, produces an ultrasonic sound that is too high for human hearing, but can be heard by dogs, cats, and other animals. That it was invented in 1876 by Sir\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francis_Galton\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Francis Galton<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0seems appropriate, given that he also coined the term \u201ceugenics,\u201d breeding selectively to produce preferred human traits.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">Much human \u201cdog whistling\u201d seems aimed at people who would be interested in eugenics as well.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\">The Oxford English Dictionary<span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0says a dog whistle is \u201cA statement or expression which in addition to its ostensible meaning has a further interpretation or connotation intended to be understood only by a specific target audience.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.urbandictionary.com\/define.php?term=dog+whistle\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Urban Dictionary<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">, entirely user generated and thus less \u201cformal,\u201d is more direct, in a 2006 entry on \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.urbandictionary.com\/define.php?term=dog%20whistle%20comment\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">dog whistle comment<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">\u201d: \u201cA surreptitious inclusion of code words or phrases that will be heard by some of those listening, while not disturbing the other listeners, who may not appreciate the hidden message(s).\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">As a political term, \u201cdog whistle\u201d has been around for a while, but no one is sure exactly how long. William Safire\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/04\/24\/magazine\/dog-whistle.html\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">wrote about it<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0in 2005, noting that\u00a0<\/span>The Economist<span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0attributed the expression to a political consultant in Australia. Safire found \u201cdog whistle\u201d in a March 1997 issue of\u00a0<\/span>The Australian<span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"REGULAR\">newspaper, which attributed the phrase to, um, Americans.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">But both the Americans and the Australians may have been late to the party. As the Merriam-Webster\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/words-at-play\/dog-whistle-political-meaning\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Words at Play<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0blog notes, a columnist for the Ottawa Citizen, Jim Coyle, wrote in October 1995 that the term \u201cspecial interest\u201d was \u201can all-purpose\u00a0<\/span>dog-whistle<span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0that those fed up with feminists, minorities, the undeserving poor hear loud and clear.\u201d Eleven months later, Coyle wrote: \u201cIt would be nice to think the premier was merely being thoughtless, rather than calculating, that he was not blowing on that\u00a0<\/span>dog whistle<span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0that only racists hear.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">As a political Twitter meme, \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/search?q=%22dog%20whistle%22%20since%3A2016-06-01&amp;src=typd\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">dog whistle<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">\u201d is right up there with \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/search?q=dumpster%20fire%20since%3A2016-06-01&amp;src=typd\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">dumpster fire<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">,\u201d referring to a spectacular failure, a cockup, a bloody mess.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">A dumpster is a mobile trash container, introduced in the United States in the 1930s by the Dempster brothers, who coined the term. (\u201cDumpster\u201d was a trademark until 2008.) For some reason, dumpsters catch on fire a lot. Though those fires usually are contained to the dumpster, they can be pretty spectacular, sending up lots of smoke and flames.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">The term \u201cdumpster fire\u201d was added to the Oxford Dictionaries this year, with\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.oxforddictionaries.com\/definition\/american_english\/dumpster-fire?q=dumpster+fire\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">the definition<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"REGULAR\">\u201c<\/span>informal<span class=\"apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"definition\">A chaotic or disastrously mishandled situation:\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"Emphasis\">last season was a dumpster fire, and it didn\u2019t get that way overnight.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">As that definition seems to indicate, \u201cdumpster\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"REGULAR\">fire\u201d as a metaphor may have had its roots in sports.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">The Language Log blog\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/?p=26104\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">says<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0the earliest metaphorical use was in 2009 by the\u00a0<\/span>Washington Post<span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0sports writer\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2009\/09\/27\/AR2009092703391.html\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Mike Wise<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">, who\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/entry\/dumpster-fire-slang-history_us_576474d4e4b015db1bc97923\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">told the Huffington Post<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0that he\u2019d heard it from a traffic reporter he used to work with. But \u201cdumpster fires\u201d appear in sports reports starting in November 2008, in such places as\u00a0<\/span>The Arizona Star<span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0(\u201cThe season that began as a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/tucson.com\/sports\/basketball\/greg-hansen-coaches-guiding-cats-in-improbable-season-that-began\/article_6d557e8a-9dbb-57d7-8d8a-b13ce1be550f.html\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">dumpster fire<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">\u2026\u201d). But many \u201cdumpster fires\u201d followed Wise\u2019s use as well, proving again how a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cjr.org\/language_corner\/i_want_to_be_alone.php\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">good idiom (or clich\u00e9) can spread<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0like wildfire.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">The first political reference to a \u201cdumpster fire\u201d that we can find is even earlier, in a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/scholarsandrogues.com\/2008\/07\/14\/that-new-yorker-cartoon-an-alternate-take\/\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">July 2008 post<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0by Scott Smith on the Scholars and Rogues blog: \u201cmaybe, satire aside, this whole\u00a0<\/span>dumpster fire<span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0is bad for progressives fighting their way toward\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"REGULAR\">November.\u201d Smith says he heard the term on sports radio.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">The term is becoming all-consuming. As the\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/blog.oxforddictionaries.com\/2016\/05\/dumpster-fire\/\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Oxford words blog<\/span><\/a><span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0noted:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">\u201cAlthough we see a fairly steady rise and fall in frequency through 2013 and 2014, usage runs unusually high between the beginning of last summer and the end of 2015. Curiously enough, Donald Trump just happened to announce his\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"REGULAR\">campaign for the presidency on June 16th of last year.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":23,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-99","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Dog whistles and dumpster fires - US Election Analysis 2016<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-2-campaign\/dog-whistles-and-dumpster-fires\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dog whistles and dumpster fires - 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