{"id":89,"date":"2016-11-18T00:24:35","date_gmt":"2016-11-18T00:24:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.electionanalysis2016.us\/?page_id=89"},"modified":"2016-11-18T15:04:15","modified_gmt":"2016-11-18T15:04:15","slug":"trump-media-and-the-oxygen-of-publicity","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-1-media\/trump-media-and-the-oxygen-of-publicity\/","title":{"rendered":"Trump, Media, and the \u2018oxygen of publicity\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"row \"><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"col-lg-3 col-md-3 col-xs-12 col-sm-3\">\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-324\" src=\"http:\/\/www.electionanalysis2016.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Sarah_Oates-bw.png\" alt=\"sarah_oates-bw\" width=\"227\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Sarah_Oates-bw.png 216w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Sarah_Oates-bw-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Sarah_Oates-bw-60x60.png 60w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"ProfileText1\">\n<p class=\"BIO\"><strong><span class=\"CharOverride-35\">Prof Sarah Oates\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"BIO\"><em>Professor and Senior Scholar at the Philip Merrill College of Journalism, University of Maryland, College Park, USA. She is a former journalist who has studied elections and news in the United States, Russia, and the United Kingdom.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"BIO\"><span class=\"EMAIL\">Twitter: @media_politics<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BIO\"><span class=\"EMAIL\">Email: soates@umd.edu<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-261 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/www.electionanalysis2016.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-1-300x283.png\" alt=\"US2016 - Section 1\" width=\"300\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-1-300x283.png 300w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-1-768x725.png 768w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-1-1024x966.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-1.png 1098w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"CampaignQuote1\">Section 1: Media<\/h5>\n<div class=\"page-list\"><ul class=\"list-group-item\"><li class=\"page_item page-item-69\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-1-media\/the-question-of-objectivity-in-the-2016-presidential-election\/\">The question of objectivity in the 2016 Presidential Election<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-71\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-1-media\/after-objectivity\/\">After Objectivity?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-73\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-1-media\/journalism-and-the-illusion-of-innocence\/\">Journalism and the illusion of innocence<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-75\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-1-media\/did-election-results-trump-frames-of-newspaper-endorsements\/\">Did election results trump frames of newspaper endorsements?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-77\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-1-media\/trump-and-mediatization\/\">Trump and mediatization<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-79\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-1-media\/the-2016-election-and-the-success-of-fact-free-politics\/\">The 2016 election and the success of fact free politics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-81\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-1-media\/trump-truth-and-the-media\/\">Trump, truth and the media<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-83\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-1-media\/rise-of-donald-trump-media-as-a-voter-decision-accelerator\/\">Rise of Donald Trump: media as a voter-decision accelerator<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-85\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-1-media\/the-new-normal-campaigns-elections-in-the-contemporary-media-environment\/\">The new normal? Campaigns and elections in the contemporary media environment<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-87\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-1-media\/did-the-media-create-trump\/\">Did the media create Trump?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"col-lg-9 col-md-9 col-xs-12 col-sm-9\"><\/p>\n<div id=\"_idContainer157\" class=\"Basic-Text-Frame\">\n<p class=\"FIRST-PARA\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">Media scholars have paid a lot of attention to social media in recent elections. Yet, there is a compelling argument to think about the whole political communication sphere \u2013 from how the candidates frame their messages to how the traditional mass media covers them to how people comment and share on social media. In particular, our research suggests that the traditional mass media gave the \u2018oxygen of publicity\u2019 \u2013 to borrow the phrase Margaret Thatcher used to talk about British terrorism coverage\u2013 to the early Trump campaign. Although the coverage was often critical of the candidate, particularly for his statements about immigration, it arguably had the effect of consolidating the Trump political brand at a critical juncture.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\">In a joint project between the Philip Merrill College of Journalism and the Smith School of Business at the University of Maryland, Prof. Wendy W. Moe and I analyzed both traditional newspaper coverage and tweets relating to Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump in the early primary period (July 1 to September 24, 2015). The purpose was to establish how effective the candidates were at communicating their brands into both traditional and social media, as well as to examine how much people on Twitter were relating to either campaign messages or the news coverage.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2830195\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">We focused on news stories and tweets that mentioned either of the candidates and words linked to four important primary campaign issues (the economy, healthcare, the Iranian nuclear deal, and immigration) as well as personal issues or traits linked to\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"Hyperlink\">the candidates (such as \u201cBill Clinton\u201d, \u201ccorrupt\u201d or \u201cliar\u201d)<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">We found that the US political communication landscape was overwhelmed by amplification of Trump\u2019s statements about immigration (this was soon after his speech that called Mexican immigrants \u201crapists\u201d and while he was promising to \u201cbuild a wall\u201d). Clinton tweeted more about the economy and healthcare and Trump tweeted more about immigration. This pattern was reflected in public tweets, in which tweets about the economy and healthcare were linked to Clinton and those about immigration were linked to Trump. While they were by no means always positive, the sheer volume of immigration\/Trump tweets was the single largest election issue we measured circulating on Twitter from July to September 2015.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">In 475 newspaper articles linked to the issue or personality keywords, immigration was mentioned in 264 articles (56 percent), while all other issues combined were mentioned in 232 articles (some mentioned more than one issue). And if you look at Chart 1, you\u2019ll see that in this most popular category of immigration, there was a huge focus on Trump. This crowded out discussion of other issues or even our personality keywords.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">Journalists would be quick to point out that this coverage of Trump was generally aimed at highlighting how people found his statements outrageous or upsetting. In this sense, they were fulfilling the role of journalists as those who patrol the boundaries of culture, signaling that public officials should not make false or denigrating comments about social groups. But while this might have been the message intended, the message received by much of America was that Trump was a political force. This amplified his brand in a crowded primary in a far more powerful way than a carefully constructed policy message or paid advertising. While we have yet to carry out the analysis for the general election, observing the news coverage emphasis on scandals and threats \u2013 such as Trump\u2019s caginess about accepting the results \u2013 suggests that Trump continued to direct the narrative.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">Thatcher famously claimed that denying those the British government deemed terrorist groups the \u2018oxygen of publicity\u2019 would help end terrorism in Northern Ireland. That didn\u2019t work out, not least because the roots of the conflict in Northern Ireland are broad, deep, and not dependent on frames by the British media. However, in the case of Trump, the mainstream media\u2019s constant barrage of coverage from the primaries onward \u2013 arguably designed as a warning but interpreted as a sign of influence \u2013 may have given critical oxygen to Trump\u2019s campaign.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"_idContainer160\" class=\"Object-Style-1 _idGenObjectStyleOverride-2\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"_idContainer161\" class=\"Object-Style-1 _idGenObjectStyleOverride-2\">\n<p class=\"CONTENTS-TITLE\"><strong><span class=\"CharOverride-39\">Chart 1: Candidates linked with issues or personality keywords in newspaper articles, 1 July to 24 September 2015<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-326 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/www.electionanalysis2016.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/newspaper_data_png-1024x599.png\" alt=\"newspaper_data_png\" width=\"648\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/newspaper_data_png-1024x599.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/newspaper_data_png-300x175.png 300w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/newspaper_data_png-768x449.png 768w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/newspaper_data_png.png 1336w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em><span class=\"REGULAR\">Source: Author\u2019s research. Coding of 475 articles from\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"CharOverride-34\">The New York Times<\/span>,\u00a0<span class=\"CharOverride-34\">The Washington Post<\/span><span class=\"REGULAR\">, and\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"CharOverride-34\">USA Today<\/span><span class=\"REGULAR CharOverride-34\">.<\/span><span class=\"REGULAR\">\u00a0Articles were retrieved by using keywords for the issues and personality factors.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"_idContainer159\" class=\"Object-Style-1 _idGenObjectStyleOverride-2\">\n<p class=\"CONTENTS-TITLE\"><strong><span class=\"CharOverride-39\">Chart 2: Tweets that mention either Trump or Clinton and contain a key word<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-327 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.electionanalysis2016.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/clinton_tweets_png.png\" alt=\"clinton_tweets_png\" width=\"918\" height=\"581\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/clinton_tweets_png.png 918w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/clinton_tweets_png-300x190.png 300w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/clinton_tweets_png-768x486.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 918px) 100vw, 918px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-328 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.electionanalysis2016.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/trump_tweets_png.png\" alt=\"trump_tweets_png\" width=\"900\" height=\"579\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/trump_tweets_png.png 900w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/trump_tweets_png-300x193.png 300w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/trump_tweets_png-768x494.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Source: Author\u2019s research. Our project collected a total of 955,193 tweets that named Trump and 272,579 tweets that named Clinton. The chart above shows only those tweets that also mentioned one of our keywords. The tweets were automatically categorized by keywords.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":21,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-89","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Trump, Media, and the \u2018oxygen of publicity\u2019 - US Election Analysis 2016<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-1-media\/trump-media-and-the-oxygen-of-publicity\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Trump, Media, and the \u2018oxygen of publicity\u2019 - 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