{"id":201,"date":"2016-11-18T00:53:37","date_gmt":"2016-11-18T00:53:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.electionanalysis2016.us\/?page_id=201"},"modified":"2016-11-18T16:43:26","modified_gmt":"2016-11-18T16:43:26","slug":"donald-trump-reality-tv-and-the-political-power-of-parasocial-relationships","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-7-pop-culture-and-populism\/donald-trump-reality-tv-and-the-political-power-of-parasocial-relationships\/","title":{"rendered":"Donald Trump, reality TV, and the political power of parasocial relationships"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"row \"><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"col-lg-3 col-md-3 col-xs-12 col-sm-3\">\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-551\" src=\"http:\/\/www.electionanalysis2016.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/John_Parmalee_picture-bw-300x300.png\" alt=\"john_parmalee_picture-bw\" width=\"227\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/John_Parmalee_picture-bw-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/John_Parmalee_picture-bw-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/John_Parmalee_picture-bw-60x60.png 60w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/John_Parmalee_picture-bw.png 453w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"ProfileText7\">\n<p class=\"BIO\"><strong><span class=\"CharOverride-35\">Prof John H. Parmelee\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"BIO\"><em>Professor and Chair of the Department of Communication at the University of North Florida. His research focuses on how technology impacts political communication. His latest book is\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Politics-Twitter-Revolution-Relationship-Communication\/dp\/0739165011\">Politics and the Twitter Revolution<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"BIO\"><span class=\"EMAIL\">E-mail:\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"EMAIL\">jparmele@unf.edu<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-255\" src=\"http:\/\/www.electionanalysis2016.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-7-296x300.png\" alt=\"US2016 - Section 7\" width=\"296\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-7-296x300.png 296w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-7-768x779.png 768w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-7-1010x1024.png 1010w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-7-60x60.png 60w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-7.png 1016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 296px) 100vw, 296px\" \/><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"CampaignQuote7\">Section 7: Pop Culture and Populism<\/h5>\n<div class=\"page-list\"><ul class=\"list-group-item\"><li class=\"page_item page-item-203\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-7-pop-culture-and-populism\/new-roles-in-the-presidential-campaign-candidates-as-talk-show-comedians\/\">New roles in the presidential campaign: candidates as talk show comedians<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-205\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-7-pop-culture-and-populism\/farages-trump-card-constructing-political-persona-and-social-media-campaigning\/\">Farage\u2019s Trump card: constructing political persona and social media campaigning<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-207\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-7-pop-culture-and-populism\/does-twitter-humanize-a-politicians-campaign\/\">Does Twitter humanize a politician\u2019s campaign?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-209\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-7-pop-culture-and-populism\/trumpdashian-the-us-election-as-an-extension-of-the-apprentice\/\">\u201cTrumpDASHIAN\u201d \u2013 The US election as an extension of The Apprentice?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-211\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-7-pop-culture-and-populism\/what-is-trump\/\">What is Trump?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-213\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-7-pop-culture-and-populism\/out-of-touch-out-of-ideas-the-american-presidency-in-film-and-television\/\">Out of touch, out of ideas? The American Presidency in film and television<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-215\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-7-pop-culture-and-populism\/its-never-just-a-joke-pop-culture-and-the-us-presidency\/\">It\u2019s never just a joke: pop culture and the US Presidency<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"col-lg-9 col-md-9 col-xs-12 col-sm-9\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"FIRST-PARA\">Donald Trump is the first person in American history to win the presidency without first serving in government in some capacity. Much has been written about how a real estate developer and reality TV personality could pull off such an unusual feat. The accomplishment is especially extraordinary given how many controversial statements Trump made during the campaign, which many commentators said would have doomed any other candidate. The executives and producers of Trump\u2019s NBC TV show, which ran weekly for more than a decade,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/sf\/national\/2016\/01\/27\/deciders-trump\/\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">argue<\/span><\/a>\u00a0that \u201cThe Apprentice\u201d made his candidacy possible because it consistently portrayed Trump as a successful businessman who was tough but fair.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\">There also is a psychological aspect to Trump\u2019s portrayal in \u201cThe Apprentice\u201d that is worth exploring: the concept of parasocial interaction, which is the illusion of intimacy that people sometimes have with celebrities and politicians (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1207\/S1532785XMEP0403_04\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Giles, 2002<\/span><\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/15252019.2006.10722117\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Thorson &amp; Rodgers, 2006<\/span><\/a>).<\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">In a parasocial relationship, viewers feel a special attachment to TV personalities and other media figures they watch regularly. Viewers often see TV personalities as close friends whom they know really well, even though they have never met. During its 11-year run with Trump as the star, \u201cThe Apprentice\u201d and spinoff \u201cThe Celebrity Apprentice\u201d attracted as many as 20 million viewers an episode. That\u2019s a lot of potential friends.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">The strength of the pseudo-friendship in a parasocial relationship can cause viewers to discount any negative things they hear that contradict what they feel they know about the TV personality. It\u2019s analogous to being friends with a colleague at work for 11 years and hearing them say only fair-minded things, until one day they make a seemingly bigoted or sexist comment. You may give the colleague the benefit of the doubt because the 11-year relationship created the impression that you know the colleague\u2019s \u201creal\u201d thoughts and feelings, which are different from their recent negative comments. A similar phenomenon may be at work with Trump supporters who were regular viewers of \u201cThe Apprentice,\u201d which ran from 2004 to 2015. The reality show\u2019s portrayal of Trump was different from his news coverage during the campaign. Trump was not shown on \u201cThe Apprentice\u201d making controversial statements. He was depicted as steady and reasonable, whereas news coverage during 2015-16 highlighted his provocative remarks about Mexicans, women, Muslims, and other groups and individuals. Trump supporters with a longstanding parasocial relationship based on years of exposure to \u201cThe Apprentice\u201d may have discounted incendiary remarks by the candidate because it did not fit with the \u201creal\u201d Trump they thought they knew from reality TV.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\">The case for explaining much of Trump\u2019s support in terms of parasocial interaction is especially strong because parasocial relationships happen the most among those who also fit the demographic profile of Trump supporters.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\">Research indicates that parasocial interaction is at its highest among the poorly educated and those heavily dependent on TV, of which the elderly make up the largest segment (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/08838157909363919?journalCode=hbem19\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Levy, 1979<\/span><\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/08824090009388753\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Auter &amp; Palmgreen, 2000<\/span><\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Life-Span-Communication-Normative-Processes-Textbook\/dp\/0805801952\/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1478029253&amp;sr=1-1&amp;keywords=Life-span+communication%3A+Normative+processes\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Robinson, 1989<\/span><\/a>). Polling\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.people-press.org\/2016\/08\/18\/1-voters-general-election-preferences\/\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">data<\/span><\/a>\u00a0suggest Trump found his greatest support among those with a high school diploma or less, as well as those ages 65 and over. In addition, parasocial interaction is most pronounced with TV personalities who are shown as themselves, such as newscasters, as opposed to playing fictional roles, such as characters in dramas or comedies (<a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1985.tb00071.x\/full\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Rubin, Perse, &amp; Powell, 1985<\/span><\/a>). \u201cThe Apprentice\u201d portrayed Trump as himself. Finally, parasocial interaction is high when a TV personality\u2019s portrayal is consistent over many years. As mentioned before, \u201cThe Apprentice\u201d spent more than a decade displaying the most favorable attributes of Trump.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\">Parasocial interaction, of course, is not the only factor that helped Trump politically. Many supporters undoubtedly identified with his positions on key issues. However, it is interesting to note that on most major issues in 2016, such as building a wall along the Mexican border,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vox.com\/policy-and-politics\/2016\/10\/25\/13345184\/trump-voters-more-liberal-chart\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">surveys<\/span><\/a>\u00a0of self-identified Trump voters found that they were less likely to support Trump\u2019s political views than self-identified Hillary Clinton supporters were to support her positions. As a result, it appears that long-term perceptions of Trump the man, which were crafted by reality TV, contributed greatly to propelling him to the White House.<\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":37,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-201","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Donald Trump, reality TV, and the political power of parasocial relationships - US Election Analysis 2016<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-7-pop-culture-and-populism\/donald-trump-reality-tv-and-the-political-power-of-parasocial-relationships\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Donald Trump, reality TV, and the political power of parasocial relationships - 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