{"id":161,"date":"2016-11-18T00:43:44","date_gmt":"2016-11-18T00:43:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.electionanalysis2016.us\/?page_id=161"},"modified":"2016-11-18T16:13:07","modified_gmt":"2016-11-18T16:13:07","slug":"belonging-racism-and-white-backlash-in-the-2016-us-presidential-election","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/belonging-racism-and-white-backlash-in-the-2016-us-presidential-election\/","title":{"rendered":"Belonging, racism and white backlash in the 2016 US Presidential Election"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"row \"><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"col-lg-3 col-md-3 col-xs-12 col-sm-3\">\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-471\" src=\"http:\/\/www.electionanalysis2016.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/deborah_gabriel2-bw.png\" alt=\"deborah_gabriel2-bw\" width=\"227\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/deborah_gabriel2-bw.png 225w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/deborah_gabriel2-bw-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/deborah_gabriel2-bw-60x60.png 60w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"ProfileText4\">\n<p class=\"BIO\"><strong><span class=\"CharOverride-35\">Dr Deborah Gabriel<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"BIO\"><em>Founder and Chief Executive of Black British Academics, and Lecturer in Marketing Communications at Bournemouth University<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"BIO\"><span class=\"EMAIL\">Email: dgabriel@bournemouth.ac.uk<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-258\" src=\"http:\/\/www.electionanalysis2016.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-4-300x300.png\" alt=\"US2016 - Section 4\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-4-768x767.png 768w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-4-1024x1022.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-4-60x60.png 60w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-4.png 1026w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"CampaignQuote4\">Section 4: Diversity and Division<\/h5>\n<div class=\"page-list\"><ul class=\"list-group-item\"><li class=\"page_item page-item-143\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/hillary-clintons-evolving-gender-appeals\/\">Hillary Clinton\u2019s evolving gender appeals<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-145\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/madam-president-and-the-need-for-a-historical-contextualization-of-the-2016-race\/\">\u2018Madam President\u2019 and the need for a historical contextualization of the 2016 Race<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-147\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/the-nasty-politics-of-risk-gender-and-the-emotional-body-in-the-us-presidential-election\/\">The \u2018nasty\u2019 politics of risk, gender and the emotional body in the US Presidential election<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-149\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/why-trumps-male-chauvinism-appeals-to-some-voters-more-than-others\/\">Why Trump\u2019s male chauvinism appeals to some voters more than others<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-151\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/trumps-promised-land-of-white-masculine-economic-success\/\">Trump\u2019s \u2018promised land\u2019 of white masculine economic success<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-153\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/attempting-to-understand-hillary-clintons-favourability-ratings\/\">Attempting to understand Hillary Clinton\u2019s favourability ratings<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-155\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/a-very-queer-presidential-election-campaign-personal-reflections-from-an-lgbt-perspective\/\">A very queer Presidential election campaign: personal reflections from an LGBT perspective<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-157\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/love-didnt-trump-hate-intolerance-in-the-campaign-and-beyond\/\">Love didn\u2019t trump hate: intolerance in the campaign and beyond<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-159\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/the-blue-collar-billionaire-explaining-the-trump-phenomenon\/\">The blue-collar billionaire: explaining the Trump phenomenon<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-163\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/the-theology-of-american-exceptionalism\/\">The theology of American exceptionalism<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-165\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/organizing-in-trumps-america-the-perspective-of-the-disability-community\/\">Organizing in Trump\u2019s America: the perspective of the disability community<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-167\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/why-are-the-german-americans-trumps-most-loyal-supporters\/\">Why are the German-Americans Trump\u2019s most loyal supporters?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"col-lg-9 col-md-9 col-xs-12 col-sm-9\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"FIRST-PARA\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">Donald Trump\u2019s victory in the 2016 presidential election has been attributed to disaffection among the American populace and its disengagement with the US political system, leading to a seismic shift towards populism. However, in common with Brexit, dominant discourses in Trump\u2019s campaign centred on issues around belonging and identity\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"REGULAR\">with clearly marked boundaries of inclusion and exclusion.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\">As\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chicagotribune.com\/news\/opinion\/commentary\/ct-donald-trump-racism-bartlett-page-perspec-0224-jm-20160223-story.html\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Matthew Hughey argued<\/span><\/a>\u00a0in 2012, a hierarchy of Whiteness determines levels of belonging and citizenship in America, with Whites enjoying a privileged status. The othering of non-Whites echoed throughout the Trump campaign \u2013 which some argue is the key to his political success.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\">However, Hilary Clinton marginally won a greater share of votes than Trump \u2013 despite his presidential win. According to\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2016\/11\/09\/why-electoral-college-landslides-are-easier-to-win-than-popular-vote-ones\/\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Pew Research Center<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(PRC), Clinton received 59.6m votes, compared to Trump\u2019s 59.4m. Trump\u2019s victory was secured through a larger number of Electoral College votes.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\">Former Ohio State Senator\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8IHGPUEx0PE\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Nina Turner, stated in a CNN interview earlier this year<\/span><\/a>, that America was built on racism and sexism where the all-White \u2018founding fathers\u2019 drafted the US Constitution that excluded Blacks, since they were legally defined as 3\/5ths of a human being, or mere chattel to be owned and enslaved by Whites.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">Slavery is the reason the Electoral College voting system was established under the 12th amendment in 1787 &#8211; to protect slave states that had more slaves than free men who were eligible to vote. The 12th Amendment permitted the South to include slaves in its electoral count, giving the region an advantage over the north, that would\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"REGULAR\">otherwise outnumber the south in eligible free voters.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\">The Democrat and Republican parties have always been racially divided. Throughout the recent history of presidential elections, 90 per cent of African Americans have voted for the Democrats, while most Whites have voted Republican. In last week\u2019s Presidential Election, 58% of Whites voted for Trump, while 65% of Hispanics and 88% of African Americans voted for Clinton (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2016\/11\/09\/hillary-clinton-wins-latino-vote-but-falls-below-2012-support-for-obama\/\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">PRC<\/span><\/a>).<\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\">While people of colour in the US overwhelmingly voted Democrat, Clinton was unable to replicate the spectacular Democrat gains in the 2012 Presidential campaign. Back then 71% of Hispanics voted for Obama, along with 93% of African Americans (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2016\/11\/09\/behind-trumps-victory-divisions-by-race-gender-education\/\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">PRC<\/span><\/a>). But in 2016, notwithstanding her general unpopularity with American voters &#8211; Clinton had to contend with a forceful White backlash.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">As Mathew Hughey explained, the recent White backlash can be traced back to 2008 when Barack Obama became the first Black president of the US. It found expression through the public questioning of Obama\u2019s American nationality legitimised through mainstream media coverage, and through the Tea Party movement with its links to the Klu Klux Klan and other far right groups. Their mission statement to \u2018take our country back\u2019 (from non-Whites presumably), resonated throughout the Trump campaign.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">Let us not forget Trump\u2019s \u2018promise\u2019 to ban Muslims from entry to the US, increase surveillance of them and create a national register \u2013 nor his reference to Mexican immigrants as \u2018rapists\u2019 and \u2018criminals\u2019.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\">Bruce Bartlett argues that Trump\u2019s political success can be attributed to his dexterity in feeding White perceptions of \u2018<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chicagotribune.com\/news\/opinion\/commentary\/ct-donald-trump-racism-bartlett-page-perspec-0224-jm-20160223-story.html\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">reverse racism<\/span><\/a>\u2019 \u2013 the belief that Whites are more racially disadvantaged than people of colour \u2013 who are also perceived as responsible for their \u2018discrimination\u2019. The growth of the non-White population in the US has driven more Whites to the Republican party, to the point where it has become a racial interest group that exists to protect and maintain White supremacy, with Trump at its helm.\u00a0<a id=\"_idTextAnchor024\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><a href=\"http:\/\/bigthink.com\/videos\/mary-aiken-on-donald-trump-politics-and-the-internet\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Cyberpsychologist Mary Aiken<\/span><\/a>\u00a0describes Trump as \u2018a troll who has jumped off the internet and into the real world\u2019, leading to a cyber-migration of extreme racism that encourages people to act on their racist beliefs. The increase in racial abuse and violence towards people of colour post-election, suggests that America is on a dangerous path.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">But there is a glimmer of hope that this path is a temporary one. First is the reality that while America is possibly more racially divided than ever, almost 60 million Americans voted against Trump. Voter turnout was the lowest in 20 years, it is argued, because neither Trump nor Clinton were regarded as progressive candidates. The personalised, vitriolic, debates between Trump and Clinton took American politics to an all-time low.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\">However, mainstream America is already looking for a future beyond Trump and the most popular person in politics right now\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/qz.com\/812189\/michelle-obama-outscores-hillary-clinton-donald-trump-and-her-own-husband-on-favorability-a-new-wsjnbc-poll-shows\/\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">according to a WSJ\/NBC poll<\/span><\/a>\u00a0on 9 November is former First Lady Michelle Obama. Her momentous speech in the wake of the sexual abuse revelations about Trump, addressed both raced and gendered inequalities in a manner that promotes cultural democracy and unites a divided nation around a common humanity.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\">Despite the calls for Michelle Obama to run for president in 2020, as the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2016\/nov\/11\/michelle-obama-run-for-president-politics\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Guardian reports on 11 November<\/span><\/a>, this is most unlikely. But the popularity of Michelle Obama is the clearest indication that progressive politics can be a reality again, when the right candidate delivers the right message. The question now is, if not Michelle Obama, then who?<\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":30,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-161","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Belonging, racism and white backlash in the 2016 US Presidential Election - US Election Analysis 2016<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/belonging-racism-and-white-backlash-in-the-2016-us-presidential-election\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Belonging, racism and white backlash in the 2016 US Presidential Election - 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