{"id":145,"date":"2016-11-18T00:40:38","date_gmt":"2016-11-18T00:40:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.electionanalysis2016.us\/?page_id=145"},"modified":"2016-11-19T20:02:11","modified_gmt":"2016-11-19T20:02:11","slug":"madam-president-and-the-need-for-a-historical-contextualization-of-the-2016-race","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/madam-president-and-the-need-for-a-historical-contextualization-of-the-2016-race\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Madam President\u2019 and the need for a historical contextualization of the 2016 Race"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"row \"><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"col-lg-3 col-md-3 col-xs-12 col-sm-3\">\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-446\" src=\"http:\/\/www.electionanalysis2016.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Liza_Tsaliki-bw-300x300.png\" alt=\"liza_tsaliki-bw\" width=\"227\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Liza_Tsaliki-bw-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Liza_Tsaliki-bw-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Liza_Tsaliki-bw-60x60.png 60w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Liza_Tsaliki-bw.png 324w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"ProfileText4\">\n<p class=\"BIO\"><strong><span class=\"CharOverride-35\">Dr Liza Tsaliki<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"BIO\"><em>Associate Professor at the\u00a0Department of Communications and Media Studies, School of Economics and<br \/>\nPolitical Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"BIO\"><span class=\"EMAIL\">Email: etsaliki@media.uoa.gr<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-258\" src=\"http:\/\/www.electionanalysis2016.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-4-300x300.png\" alt=\"US2016 - Section 4\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-4-768x767.png 768w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-4-1024x1022.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-4-60x60.png 60w, https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/US2016-Section-4.png 1026w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"CampaignQuote4\">Section 4: Diversity and Division<\/h5>\n<div class=\"page-list\"><ul class=\"list-group-item\"><li class=\"page_item page-item-143\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/hillary-clintons-evolving-gender-appeals\/\">Hillary Clinton\u2019s evolving gender appeals<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-147\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/the-nasty-politics-of-risk-gender-and-the-emotional-body-in-the-us-presidential-election\/\">The \u2018nasty\u2019 politics of risk, gender and the emotional body in the US Presidential election<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-149\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/why-trumps-male-chauvinism-appeals-to-some-voters-more-than-others\/\">Why Trump\u2019s male chauvinism appeals to some voters more than others<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-151\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/trumps-promised-land-of-white-masculine-economic-success\/\">Trump\u2019s \u2018promised land\u2019 of white masculine economic success<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-153\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/attempting-to-understand-hillary-clintons-favourability-ratings\/\">Attempting to understand Hillary Clinton\u2019s favourability ratings<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-155\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/a-very-queer-presidential-election-campaign-personal-reflections-from-an-lgbt-perspective\/\">A very queer Presidential election campaign: personal reflections from an LGBT perspective<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-157\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/love-didnt-trump-hate-intolerance-in-the-campaign-and-beyond\/\">Love didn\u2019t trump hate: intolerance in the campaign and beyond<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-159\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/the-blue-collar-billionaire-explaining-the-trump-phenomenon\/\">The blue-collar billionaire: explaining the Trump phenomenon<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-161\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/belonging-racism-and-white-backlash-in-the-2016-us-presidential-election\/\">Belonging, racism and white backlash in the 2016 US Presidential Election<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-163\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/the-theology-of-american-exceptionalism\/\">The theology of American exceptionalism<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-165\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/organizing-in-trumps-america-the-perspective-of-the-disability-community\/\">Organizing in Trump\u2019s America: the perspective of the disability community<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"page_item page-item-167\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electionanalysis.ws\/us\/president2016\/us-election-analysis-2016\/section-4-diversity-and-division\/why-are-the-german-americans-trumps-most-loyal-supporters\/\">Why are the German-Americans Trump\u2019s most loyal supporters?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<p><\/div><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"col-lg-9 col-md-9 col-xs-12 col-sm-9\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"FIRST-PARA\"><span class=\"REGULAR\">Empirical research regarding the role of gender in positions of leadership (either corporate or political) has shown consistently over time the glass ceiling that many women face, and Hillary Clinton\u2019s 2016 Race has stirred the controversy\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"REGULAR\">regarding the gender dynamics of high office even further.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\">However, despite the growing success of women at the highest level of political power in recent times, gender \u2013 and in Hillary\u2019s case, age, too \u2013 continues to impact heavily upon women\u2019s opportunities to run for office (and win), and it would seem that the US is lagging behind other nations of the developed and the not-so-developed world on this. In fact, long before her, there have been other American women who paved the way for Hillary 2016. To name but a few,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/06\/12\/us\/politics\/women-white-house-clinton-geraldine-ferraro.html\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Victoria Woodhull was a suffragette\u00a0who ran for the American presidency in 1872, Geraldine Ferraro ran for vice president with the Democrats in 1984<\/span><\/a>, Pat Schroeder had a brief time as a Democratic nominee in 1988 before her subsequent \u2018emotional\u2019 withdrawal from the race, and Sarah Palin was nominated for the Republican V.P in 2008. In short, the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/rebecca-bohanan\/12-women-who-ran-for-pres_b_11172668.html\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">US political history is littered with women who started off to run for national leadership but withdrew along the way<\/span><\/a>. Having served as secretary of state, it\u2019s true that\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/video\/meet-the-press\/42284425#42284425\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Hillary is not being questioned on her toughness \u2013 surely not as Ferraro was challenged about her capacity to defend the United States from the Soviets and \u2018push the nuclear button\u2019 on account of her gender<\/span><\/a>. If nothing else,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/HillaryClinton\/status\/758864218439286784\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Hillary offers herself as the more measured, but no less tough, candidate and invokes Trump\u2019s trigger-happy attitude as a warning against his candidacy<\/span><\/a>. In one advertisement she actually employed\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Dc25H2YgbDQ&amp;feature=youtu.be\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Trump\u2019s unsettling image near the nuclear red button<\/span><\/a>\u00a0to press this point. What she\u00a0<span class=\"ITALIC\">is<\/span>\u00a0being criticized, and sometimes ridiculed, about is her looks, body shape, attire, being \u2018menopausal\u2019 and fragile \u2013 in essence all those things that tap into stereotypical gender characteristics the presidential candidate Hillary does not have in abundance: youth, health, stamina, sexiness. For her critics, Hilary is a \u2018flawed\u2019 candidate for national political leadership not just because the US presidency is perceived as a \u2018masculine\u2019 task, to be carried out by a male leader; but also because she is seen to betray \u2018traditional\u2019 female characteristics, while having acquired more \u2018masculine\u2019 ones along the way (decisiveness, toughness) \u2013 hence we understand why \u2018<a href=\"http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/politics\/archive\/2016\/08\/the-era-of-the-bitch-is-coming\/496154\/\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Bitch<\/span><\/a>\u2019 has stuck in the popular imagination. In fact, the way we\u2019ve moved on from the more \u2018cool\u2019 context of HBIC (Head Bitch in Charge) as depicted in the \u2018<a href=\"http:\/\/textsfromhillaryclinton.tumblr.com\/\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Texts from Hillary<\/span><\/a>\u2019 tumblr in 2012, where we saw a busy Hillary texting from an airplane hangar, posing as a real-life Anna Wintour, running the world behind her dark glasses, to \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Lifes-Bitch-DONT-VOTE-ONE\/dp\/B00VZ5O442\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Life\u2019s a Bitch\u2014don\u2019t vote for one<\/span><\/a>\u2019 tees, indicates the profound gender asymmetries surrounding female presidency in America.<a id=\"_idTextAnchor017\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Basic-Paragraph-US\">The question remains though: why is this happening? Part of the answer may lay in the Protestant culture of the US, which is an outlier especially when compared to Protestant Europe.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1300\/J501v29n01_05\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Jennifer Merolla and colleagues<\/span><\/a>\u00a0suggest that although the Reformation brought increased female participation in the sacred across Protestant countries in Europe, afforded through Bible reading and interpretation, and thus prepared the ground for more tolerant attitudes towards female leadership in all realms, such practices did not extend to the US where Protestantism took a socially conservative turn. This kind of socially conservative Protestantism, which sees female submission to male leadership as appropriate within the political realm, the church\u00a0<span class=\"ITALIC\">and<\/span>\u00a0family, is seen to have had a dampening effect on women\u2019s political engagement in America and explains low female representation, especially in the highest level of political office. Accounts of a woman president of the United States surfaced in the early 20th century, along with the rise of the suffragette movement and technological futurism. However,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2016\/11\/predictions-of-a-presidentess\/505982\/\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">the notion of a woman president was seen to run counter to technological progress and several headlines warned against the \u2018danger of a woman becoming president of the United States\u2019<\/span><\/a>\u00a0. At a more nuanced level, such thinking challenged deeply entrenched ideas about women\u2019s place in American society at a time when the dominant perception of white, middle class \u2018appropriate\u2019 femininity contextualized women in the private sphere of the domesticity. Drawing from Joanne Hollows\u2019 work on \u2018Domestic Cultures\u2019, I argue that the gendered controversy surrounding Hillary\u2019s 2016 nomination, and whether or not she is fit to lead, is the culmination of a century-long social construction of\u00a0<span class=\"ITALIC\">white, urban, middle-class American womanhood<\/span>\u00a0in modernity, which assumed that women\u2019s \u2018natural\u2019 place in the world was exhausted at home, while working class, black and immigrant femininities reserved a more \u2018public\u2019 perception of womanhood. \u03a4he\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/politics\/archive\/2016\/08\/the-era-of-the-bitch-is-coming\/496154\/\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">election outcome of 8 November goes to show the latent sexism American society is entrenched with<\/span><\/a>, as well as\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.politico.com\/magazine\/story\/2016\/11\/hillary-clinton-loses-2016-election-214439\"><span class=\"Hyperlink\">Hillary\u2019s inability to engage convincingly with public sentiments of anger about a rigged economy and government<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":30,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-145","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.1 - 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